词义与表达

原文

This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.

翻译

这种说法似乎为忽视贫困者作辩护，让剥削、社会上层的优越和社会底层的卑微合理化。

原文

It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden, though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.

翻译

尽管是一种“宽泛”意义上的花园，但正是这种或含蓄或明确的对自然的参照，充分证明了使用“花园”一词来描述这些人造建造物是合理的。

原文

By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.

翻译

人们普遍认为，他思想自由，勇敢无畏。我认为，勇气是理解——更别说演奏——其作品一个必不可少的品质。

原文

Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.

翻译

贝多芬习惯以极强的力度增强音量，然后突然用一段意想不到的轻柔的乐章紧随其后。他之前的作曲家极少采用这种做法。

原文

Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers.

翻译

（学界）已经做出尝试去抑制这种趋势，比如，除了数量以外，还尝试将某种对质量的衡量纳入到评价申请者的论文中。

原文

Despite attempts by the Church to suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.

翻译

尽管教会试图去压制新一代的逻辑学家和理性主义者，但是关于宇宙是如何运作的更多解释不断出现，其速度让人们不能再熟视无睹。

原文

In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.

翻译

在物理学中，有一种方法把这种追求统一的冲动推向了极端，试图寻找一种万有理论——一个能概括我们看到的一切的生成等式。

原文

It gives a basis for all organisations which seek to promote the learning and use of English, a basis for planning to meet the possibilities of what could be a very different operating environment.

翻译

它为试图促进英语学习和应用的所有组织奠定了基础，这一基础用于规划以应对一个可能完全不同的运营环境所带来的各种可能。

原文

nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago.

翻译

如今，任何申请研究职位的人必须发表的论文数量，是仅仅 10 年前申请同样的研究职位所需要的论文数量的两倍。

原文

The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia.

翻译

拥有丰富多样树木的原始森林是一座从缅因州一路向南延伸至佐治亚州的天然宝库。

原文

But the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literary ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood.

翻译

但是专业剧团在他们固定的剧院繁荣发展，受过大学教育有文学抱负的人很快转向这些剧院，将其视为谋生手段。

原文

The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages, which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.

翻译

第二项尝试由约书亚·格林伯格做出，他采用了一种更加经验主义的方法来研究语言的普遍性，识别了很多语言共有的（尤其在词序方面）的特征，这些特征被视作代表了由认知限制产生的倾向。

原文

The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia.

翻译

拥有丰富多样树木的原始森林是一座从缅因州一路向南延伸至佐治亚州的天然宝库。

原文

circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us, and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation.

翻译

环境似乎旨在激发我们最大的潜能，如果我们感觉自己受到“不公正对待”，那么就不太可能有意识地去努力摆脱自己的处境。

原文

Some believe that AI is negatively impacting on the marketer’s role by reducing creativity and removing jobs, but they are aware that it is a way of reducing costs and creating new information.

翻译

一些人认为，人工智能正通过削弱创新能力，减少工作岗位对营销人员的角色产生负面影响，但是他们也意识到这是一种降低成本，创造新信息的方式。

原文

Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations.

翻译

乔姆斯基的语法应该表明语言变化的模式，这些模式不受语言谱系或谱系内部演变路径的影响；而格林伯格的普遍性理论预测了在特定类型的词序关系间存在很强的互依性。

原文

most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic.

翻译

我们大多数人都会陷入一种精神萎靡的状态，我们通常将其归咎于某些心理疾病，直到有一天，我们发现自己身处花园，才感到那种压抑感神奇地消失了。

原文

His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generations of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.

翻译

因此，他的分析会打消那些人的自满情绪，那些人可能会认为英语的全球地位如此稳固，以至于英国的年轻人不需要掌握额外的语言能力。

原文

If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.

翻译

如果我们真的想确保我们的科学研究既有意义又可复现，那么我们必须要确保我们的制度鼓励这种科学研究。

原文

The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages, which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.

翻译

第二项尝试由约书亚·格林伯格做出，他采用了一种更加经验主义的方法来研究语言的普遍性，识别了很多语言共有的（尤其在词序方面）的特征，这些特征被视作代表了由认知限制产生的倾向。

原文

But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes.

翻译

但是美国特有的地理条件的影响，不同民族群体间的相互影响，以及在原始的新大陆上维持旧大陆生活方式的巨大困难，这些共同引起了重大变化。

原文

By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy.

翻译

在他出生时，欧洲正在见证宗教戏剧的消亡，以及在古典悲剧和喜剧的推动下新戏剧形式的诞生。

原文

The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.

翻译

积极的一面是，知道一切取决于自己，便有了种种可能。从前，我们是熟练应对种种限制的专家，现在，我们成了驾驭可能性的权威。

原文

The United States is the product of two principal forces—the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits.

翻译

美国是两大主要力量的产物：一是具有不同思想、习俗和民族特点的欧洲各民族的迁入；二是改变了这些特征的新国家产生的影响。

原文

With the Church's teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance, the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.

翻译

随着教会的教义和思维方式因文艺复兴而黯然失色，中世纪和现代之间的鸿沟得以消除，由此，开辟了全新的未探索的知识领域。

原文

By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.

翻译

人们普遍认为，他思想自由，勇敢无畏。我认为，勇气是理解——更别说演奏——其作品一个必不可少的品质。

原文

Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification, for if all humans share common origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings.

翻译

在这一点上，达尔文主义似乎做出了证明，因为如果全人类有着共同的起源，那么似乎有理由认为文化多样性也可以追溯到更有限的源头。

原文

This would be reasonable enough if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.

翻译

如果不是因为科学家们可以轻易在未来的出版物中自我引用，或者让同事为他们这么做，来回报（自己曾提供的）类似好处，那这种做法本该是合理的。

原文

This would be reasonable enough if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.

翻译

如果不是因为科学家们可以轻易在未来的出版物中自我引用，或者让同事为他们这么做，来回报（自己曾提供的）类似好处，那这种做法本该是合理的。

原文

The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.

翻译

积极的一面是，知道一切取决于自己，便有了种种可能。从前，我们是熟练应对种种限制的专家，现在，我们成了驾驭可能性的权威。

原文

Our mental health doesn’t really go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.

翻译

我们的心理健康并没有真的消失；就像云朵后面的太阳，它可能会暂时从视野中消失，但是完全能够在瞬间重现。

原文

But by utilising the natural curiosity of the general public it is possible to overcome many of these challenges by engaging non-scientists directly in the research process.

翻译

但是，通过利用公众与生俱来的好奇心，让非科学家直接参与到研究过程中，（我们）有可能克服很多此类挑战。

原文

But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes.

翻译

但是，美国特有的地理条件的影响，不同民族群体间的相互影响，以及在原始的新大陆上维持旧大陆生活方式的巨大困难，这些共同引起了重大变化。